<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="">

<head>
	<meta name="generator" content="Hugo 0.73.0" />
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<meta name="author" content="Ap Chen ">
<meta name="description" content="基本概念 Term 数据库(DB) 长期存储在计算机内、有组织的、大量的、共享的数据集合 数据库管理系统(DBMS) 位于用户与操作系统（OS）之间的一层数" />
<meta name="keywords" content="blog" />
<meta name="robots" content="noodp" />

<link rel="canonical" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/1-%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0/" />

<meta itemprop="name" content="1-概述">
<meta itemprop="description" content="基本概念 Term 数据库(DB) 长期存储在计算机内、有组织的、大量的、共享的数据集合 数据库管理系统(DBMS) 位于用户与操作系统（OS）之间的一层数">
<meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2019-05-26T00:00:00&#43;00:00" />
<meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2019-05-26T00:00:00&#43;00:00" />
<meta itemprop="wordCount" content="945">



<meta itemprop="keywords" content="" />
<meta property="og:title" content="1-概述" />
<meta property="og:description" content="基本概念 Term 数据库(DB) 长期存储在计算机内、有组织的、大量的、共享的数据集合 数据库管理系统(DBMS) 位于用户与操作系统（OS）之间的一层数" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/1-%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0/" />
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-05-26T00:00:00+00:00" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-05-26T00:00:00+00:00" />

<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/>
<meta name="twitter:title" content="1-概述"/>
<meta name="twitter:description" content="基本概念 Term 数据库(DB) 长期存储在计算机内、有组织的、大量的、共享的数据集合 数据库管理系统(DBMS) 位于用户与操作系统（OS）之间的一层数"/>


<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/icons/apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/icons/favicon-32x32.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/icons/favicon-16x16.png">
<link rel="manifest" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/icons/site.webmanifest">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/icons/favicon.ico">
<meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff">
<meta name="msapplication-config" content="/icons/browserconfig.xml">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">

<title>1-概述</title>


<link rel="stylesheet" href="//at.alicdn.com/t/font_1559566_wk214kwa2dn.css">


    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha384-zB1R0rpPzHqg7Kpt0Aljp8JPLqbXI3bhnPWROx27a9N0Ll6ZP/+DiW/UqRcLbRjq" crossorigin="anonymous">



    
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/normalize/8.0.1/normalize.css" integrity="sha256-WAgYcAck1C1/zEl5sBl5cfyhxtLgKGdpI3oKyJffVRI=" crossorigin="anonymous" />
    
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/animate.css/3.7.2/animate.css" integrity="sha256-a2tobsqlbgLsWs7ZVUGgP5IvWZsx8bTNQpzsqCSm5mk=" crossorigin="anonymous" />
    
   <link href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootswatch/4.4.1/materia/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-1tymk6x9Y5K+OF0tlmG2fDRcn67QGzBkiM3IgtJ3VrtGrIi5ryhHjKjeeS60f1FA" crossorigin="anonymous">
    
    
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/sass/main_cdn.min.270b43bb8631af4497ed45b90db42c517e86c9511418de9152f134d02ed32b87.min.2192baea245cf318085511589e62bfbdb3fbe4fb0eef718f1be9af91c10542ce.css" integity="sha256-IZK66iRc8xgIVRFYnmK/vbP75PsO73GPG&#43;mvkcEFQs4=">

</head>

<body style="overflow-x: unset;">
	<div class="container-fluid">
		<div class="row d-print-block">
			<div class="col-12 col-md-3 col-lg-2 bd-sidebar d-print-none">
				<div class="d-flex mt-3 border-bottom">
        <span class="navbar-brand w-100" style="display: grid;">
            <small>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/" class="text-black-50">
                    <i class="iconfont icon-back-arrow-"></i>
                </a>
                Ap Chen's
            </small>
            <a class="text-dark" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/">
                Notes
            </a>
        </span>
        <button class="btn btn-link text-dark d-md-none p-0 ml-3" type="button" data-toggle="collapse"
            data-target="#bd-docs-nav" aria-controls="bd-docs-nav" aria-expanded="true"
            aria-label="Toggle docs navigation">
            <i class="fad fa-bars"></i>
        </button>
    </div>
				<nav id="bd-docs-nav" class="collapse bd-links">
    
    
    
    <div class="bd-toc-item">
        <a class="bd-toc-link" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/computer-network/">
            
            
                <span class="icontext">S</span>
            
            
            计算机网络
        </a>
    </div>
    
    
    
    <div class="bd-toc-item">
        <a class="bd-toc-link" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/operating-system/">
            
            
                <span class="icontext">S</span>
            
            
            操作系统
        </a>
    </div>
    
    
    
    <div class="bd-toc-item active bg-light">
        <a class="bd-toc-link" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/">
            <i class="iconfont icon-back-arrow-reverse"></i>
            数据库
        </a>
        <ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
            
            
            <li class="active">
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/1-%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0/">
                    <i class="fad fa-chevron-right mr-1"></i>
                    1-概述
                </a>
            </li>
            
            
            
            <li>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/2-%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B/">2-数据模型</a>
            </li>
            
            
            
            <li>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/3-%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F/">3-关系数据库系统</a>
            </li>
            
            
            
            <li>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/8-%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E5%8C%96%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA/">8-规范化理论</a>
            </li>
            
            
            
            <li>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/5-%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E6%80%A7/">5-安全性与完整性</a>
            </li>
            
            
            
            <li>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/6-%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86/">6-事务处理</a>
            </li>
            
            
            
            <li>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/7-%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E7%9A%84%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87/">7-数据库的物理组织</a>
            </li>
            
            
            
            <li>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/8-%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2/">8-数据交换</a>
            </li>
            
            
            
            <li>
                <a href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/database/9-%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1/">9-数据库设计</a>
            </li>
            
            
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    
    
    <div class="bd-toc-item">
        <a class="bd-toc-link" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/cs50-introduction-to-computer-science/">
            
            
                <span class="icontext">S</span>
            
            
            CS50 MIT
        </a>
    </div>
    
    
    
    <div class="bd-toc-item">
        <a class="bd-toc-link" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/advanced-programming/">
            
            
                <span class="icontext">A</span>
            
            
            高级程序设计
        </a>
    </div>
    
    
    
    <div class="bd-toc-item">
        <a class="bd-toc-link" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/deep-learning/">
            
            
                <span class="icontext">O</span>
            
            
            深度学习基础
        </a>
    </div>
    
    
    
    <div class="bd-toc-item">
        <a class="bd-toc-link" href="https://fziks.gitee.io/notes/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E4%B8%8E%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90/">
            
            
                <span class="icontext">O</span>
            
            
            文献管理与信息分析
        </a>
    </div>
    
    
</nav>
			</div>
			<div class="col-12 col-md-9 col-lg-10 d-print-block">
				<div class="row d-print-block">
					<main class="col-12 col-md-10 col-lg-9 py-md-3 pl-md-5 bd-content d-print-block" role="main">
						<div id="title" class="my-4 border-bottom">
							<span>数据库</span>
							<h2>1-概述</h2>
							<footer>
								<span>
									<i class="iconfont icon-NewFile mr-2"></i>
									2019-05-26 08:00 CST
								</span> <br />
								<span>
									<i class="iconfont icon-modify mr-2"></i>
									2019-05-26 08:00 CST
								</span> <br />
								<span>
									<i class="iconfont icon-copyright mr-2"></i>
									CC BY-NC 4.0
								</span>
							</footer>
						</div>
						<div id="content" class="hl-h2">
							
							
							
							
							
							
							
							
							
							
							
							
							<h2 id="基本概念">基本概念<a href="#基本概念" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true"><i class="iconfont icon-link"></i></a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Term</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>数据库(DB)</td>
<td>长期存储在计算机内、有组织的、大量的、共享的数据集合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据库管理系统(DBMS)</td>
<td>位于用户与操作系统（OS）之间的一层数据管理软件，为用户或应用程序提供访问数据库的方法和接口</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据库管理员(DBA)</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据库系统(DBS)</td>
<td>DB+DBMS+DBA+软件平台+硬件平台</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据库技术</td>
<td>研究数据库的结构、存储、设计、管理和使用的一门软件学科</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>data &amp; infomation</td>
<td>数据是信息的载体，信息则是数据的内涵</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据库应用系统(DBAS)</td>
<td>DBS+应用软件+UI+用户 利用数据库系统作应用开发所构成的集成化的独立运行系统</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>DBMS 功能</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>数据组织</td>
<td>数据模式定义，数据存储的物理构作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据操纵</td>
<td>查询、插入、修改和删除</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据维护</td>
<td>完整性、安全性定义与检查</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据控制与保护</td>
<td>并发控制与故障恢复</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据服务</td>
<td>内置函数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>数据字典</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>数据库用户
<ul>
<li>End users
<ul>
<li>Casual users(终端查询用户)</li>
<li>Naive users(应用程序的使用者)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Application programmers</li>
<li>DBA</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>sub languange
<ul>
<li>SQL 语言
<ul>
<li>DDL(Data Definition Language)：数据的模式定义域数据的物理存取构作</li>
<li>DML(Data Manipulation Language): 查删增改等</li>
<li>DCL(Data Control Language): 完整性、安全性定义与检查</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>使用方式
<ul>
<li>交互式命令语言</li>
<li>宿主型语言</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Architecture of Database System
<ul>
<li>Two-tier Architechture (两层 C/S)
<ul>
<li>DB 和 DBMS 运行在数据库服务器中，DBAS 运行在客户机中</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>三层 C/S
<ul>
<li>DBAS 运行在应用服务器中(Web 服务器)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="dbs-特点">DBS 特点<a href="#dbs-特点" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true"><i class="iconfont icon-link"></i></a></h2>
<ul>
<li>集成性 integration
<ul>
<li>集多种应用数据于一体，采用统一的数据结构</li>
<li>全局统一的数据模式</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>高共享性
<ul>
<li>供多个应用程序使用</li>
<li>在DBS基础上开发新应用程序</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>低冗余性</li>
<li>独立性
<ul>
<li>物理独立性：数据的物理结构（包括存储结构、存取方式等）的改变，不影响数据库的逻辑结构，从而不致引起应用程序的变化</li>
<li>逻辑独立性：数据库总体逻辑结构的改变，如修改数据模式、增加新的数据类型、改变数据间联系等，不需要相应修改应用程序</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>数据的统一管理与控制
<ul>
<li>完整性检查</li>
<li>安全性保护</li>
<li>并发控制</li>
<li>故障恢复</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="发展历史">发展历史<a href="#发展历史" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true"><i class="iconfont icon-link"></i></a></h2>
<p><a href="http://www.cbdio.com/image/attachement/jpg/site2/20160224/3417eb9bbd901837a7da50.jpg">发展历史图</a></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>年代</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>20 世纪 50 年代末</td>
<td>文件系统阶段</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20 世纪 60 年代末</td>
<td>层次数据库和网状数据库</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20 世纪 70 年代</td>
<td>关系数据库</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20 世纪 80 年代</td>
<td>通用数据库系统（面向对象数据库系统，知识库系统，关系数据库系统扩充）</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>新一代数据管理技术
<ul>
<li>CAP
<ul>
<li>P: 分区容忍性</li>
<li>A: 可用性</li>
<li>C: 一致性</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NoSQL
<ul>
<li>Key-Value</li>
<li>Document-Oriented</li>
<li>列存储</li>
<li>Graph-Oriented</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="数据库内部结构体系">数据库内部结构体系<a href="#数据库内部结构体系" class="anchor" aria-hidden="true"><i class="iconfont icon-link"></i></a></h2>
<ul>
<li>数据模式：数据结构的表现方式</li>
<li>三级模式
<ul>
<li>外模式（子模式、用户模式）：用户数据库
<ul>
<li>概念模式子集</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>概念模式（模式）：概念数据库
<ul>
<li>面向数据库系统，以某种数据模型为基础，利用 DDL 描述</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>内模式（物理模式）：物理数据库
<ul>
<li>物理储存结构</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>两级映射</li>
</ul>

						</div>
					</main>
					<div class="d-none d-lg-block col-lg-3 bd-toc d-print-none">
						<div class="btn-group-vertical w-100 my-3">
    
    <a class="btn btn-outline-secondary text-dark w-100 p-2" href="https://list.html" target="_blank">
        <i class="iconfont icon-LC_icon_list_line"></i><br />待更新列表
    </a>
    

    
    <a class="btn btn-outline-secondary text-dark w-100 p-2" href="mailto:littlegreedy@qq.com"
        target="_blank">
        <i class="iconfont icon-discussion"></i><br />纠错与咨询
    </a>
    
    
    
    
        <a class="btn btn-outline-secondary text-dark w-100 p-2" href="#" onclick="window.print()">
            <i class="iconfont icon-dayin"></i><br />打印本页
        </a>
    
    
</div>
						<h4 class="card-title pb-0">目录</h4>
						<nav id="TableOfContents">
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#基本概念">基本概念</a></li>
    <li><a href="#dbs-特点">DBS 特点</a></li>
    <li><a href="#发展历史">发展历史</a></li>
    <li><a href="#数据库内部结构体系">数据库内部结构体系</a></li>
  </ul>
</nav>
						
						
						<div id="disqus_thread"></div>
							<script>
							

							

							(function() { 
							var d = document, s = d.createElement('script');
							s.src = "https://"+"your site name on disqus"+".disqus.com/embed.js";
							s.setAttribute('data-timestamp', +new Date());
							(d.head || d.body).appendChild(s);
							})();
							</script>
							<noscript>Please enable JavaScript to view the <a href="https://disqus.com/?ref_noscript">comments powered by Disqus.</a></noscript>                  
					  	</div>
						
					</div>
				</div>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>

	<script
    src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.4.1.min.js"
    integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo="
    crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js" integrity="sha384-UO2eT0CpHqdSJQ6hJty5KVphtPhzWj9WO1clHTMGa3JDZwrnQq4sF86dIHNDz0W1" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-JjSmVgyd0p3pXB1rRibZUAYoIIy6OrQ6VrjIEaFf/nJGzIxFDsf4x0xIM+B07jRM" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/katex.min.js" integrity="sha384-y23I5Q6l+B6vatafAwxRu/0oK/79VlbSz7Q9aiSZUvyWYIYsd+qj+o24G5ZU2zJz" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js" integrity="sha384-kWPLUVMOks5AQFrykwIup5lo0m3iMkkHrD0uJ4H5cjeGihAutqP0yW0J6dpFiVkI" crossorigin="anonymous"
onload="renderMathInElement(document.body);"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="https://fziks.gitee.io/custom.min.d3e1b7647f32dbe7e0140398739a26dad3f3470fc1eebe0741ef33668f1b7bd0b2917dc6efb9f0d9f1092b91dca502cab1b883863f02530133a8a8ef609926af.js" integrity="sha512-0&#43;G3ZH8y2&#43;fgFAOYc5om2tPzRw/B7r4HQe8zZo8be9CykX3G77nw2fEJK5HcpQLKsbiDhj8CUwEzqKjvYJkmrw=="></script>
<script type="text/javascript">

document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () {
    renderMathInElement(
        document.body, {
            delimiters: [
                {
                    left: "$$",
                    right: "$$",
                    display: true
                },
                {
                    left: "\\[",
                    right: "\\]",
                    display: true
                },
                {
                    left: "$",
                    right: "$",
                    display: false
                },
                {
                    left: "\\(",
                    right: "\\)",
                    display: false
                }
            ],
            strict: false
        }
    );
});


$(document).on('click', 'a[href^="#"]', function (event) {
    event.preventDefault();

    $('html, body').animate({
        scrollTop: $($.attr(this, 'href')).offset().top
    }, 500);
});
</script>




</body>

</html>